Rabu, 09 Juli 2014

The Fox and the Eels

      A fisherman was returning home after a day by the river with his cart full of eels. Reynard the fox saw him and immediately thought of a way of getting himself a sumptuous dinner. He down in the middle of the road and pretended to be dead.
      When the fisherman saw him, he fell for the trick. He picked up the fox, convinced that he had found himself a beautiful fox skin, and put it in the back of his cart. Once on the move, Reynard emptied all the eels out into the road, gathered them up and ran off. So the gullible fisherman lost both his fox fur skin and his fish.

The Rabbit Became White

      Eye of the Eagle an Indian brave was a great hunter. One summer the weather was so hot and dry that all the prairie animals moved away in search of water, and even Eye of the Eagle could find no game with which to feed his tribe. Things got so bad that one day he got into his canoe and decided that he would have to follow the wild animals into the Great North where they had fled.
      He paddled and paddled and went so far, that one day he was surprised to find himself in a snowstorm. This, however, did not disturb him, because he knew he could follow more easily on the snow the tracks left by animals. When he found the tracks of a deer, he began to follow them; but the snow fell so heavily that the hunter was blinded and became lost. He came across a brown rabbit and it offered to help him by guiding him back to his canoe. The rabbit’s dark skin stood out clearly against the snow.
      In this way, Eye of the Eagle was saved. He was so grateful to the rabbit that he chanted a magic spell which made its fur turn white. This meant that the rabbit could no longer be seen against the snow in winter and so no-one could hunt it again.

The Frog Prince

       A young and very beautiful princess lost her ball in the water, while she was playing by the side of a lake. She began to cry so sadly that the frog who sat beside the lake croaked to her, “What will you give me if I get you your ball back?”
      "All the gold you could wish for!” replied the princess. “No, I ask only that I am allowed to stay with you and be your friend,” said the frog. The prin­cess gave her word (what did such a promise cost her if it meant she could have her ball back?), but she had absolutely no intention of keeping her promise. In fact, the moment she had her ball back she ran off so fast that the frog could not keep up with her. Nevertheless, after a while the frog arrived at the palace.
      As soon as she saw the frog, the princess was frightened. She ran to ask for help from her father, but the king, who knew what had happened, ordered his daughter to keep herpromise. So the princess picked the frog up gently in her hand, but, with a shiver of disgust, she let it drop to the ground again. But that one brief touch was enough to break the spell that bound that frog, and caused it to turn back into the young and hand­some prince he had been before.
      The story ends with the happiest of wedding ceremonies.

The Scorpion and the Tortoise

      A scorpion and a tortoise became best friends and they took a vow that they would never be separated. So, when one of them was obliged to leave his native land, the other promised to go with him. One day, they have to travel outside their village. When they had traveled only a short distance, hey came to a wide river. The scorpion was now in great trouble.
"Alas," he said, "You, my friend, can easily swim, but how can a poor scorpion like me ever get across this stream?"
"Never fear," replied the tortoise. "Just place yourself on my broad back and I will carry you safely."
      Then, the scorpion settled on the tortoise's broad back, and then the tortoise crawled into the water and began to swim. Halfway across, he was startled by a strange rapping on his back, which made him ask the scorpion what he was doing.
"I am whetting my sting to see if it is pos­sible to pierce your hard shell, "answered the scorpion.
"Ungrateful friend," said the tortoise. "You know very well that I have power to both save myself and punish you as you deserve." And then he sank his back below the surface and shook off the scorpion into the water.

Magic Broom and Cloth

      There was a poor little girl, named Wulan, who lived with her stepmother and two stepsisters. Her father was a merchant, who always left home very early in the morning and arrived home late at night. He never knew that Wulan was treated very badly by her stepmother and stepsisters. Wulan had to do the house chores herself. She had no time to rest, until her father came home.
      One day, Wulan helped an old woman. In return, the woman gave her a magic broom and cloth, to help her with the house chores. She just needed to say, "Broom and cloth, please clean the house." and they would start cleaning the house. When she said, "It's done, thank you:',   they would stop working. Since then, Wulan did not need to work hard.
      Wulan's stepmother and stepsisters knew how Wulan did the house chores. Then, they tried to use the magic broom and cloth. They asked them to clean their bedrooms. However, they didn't know how to stop the broom and cloth, after everything was done. Finally, the broom and the cloth kicked them out of the house. Since then, Wulan lived happily.

The King and the Beggar

     There was once a poor beggar sitting alongside the road, he begged from morning until night, all he had received was a few grains. But in hopes he may earn more, he continued to beg. Soon the beggar noticed the king coming towards him. The beggar was excited. "May be the king will give me something expensive" he thought. "I'll sell it, and then I will buy myself some food."
     The king got out his chariot and walked towards the beggar, but just as the beggar's hopes were raised, the king reached his hands out and begged before the beggar himself could beg!, the beggar was confused "what i give him?" he thought. Not knowing what else to do, he reached into his bag and gave the king a few of his grains. The king took the grains and walk off. The beggar went home sad and sullen. He was upset about not having received anything from the king.
     "The townspeople are selfish," he thought. "Nobody gives, nobody cares"
With such thoughts racing through his mind, the beggar dashed his bag of grains against the ground, two golden coin sprung out from the bag as it hit the ground, the king had granted the beggar these two coins without him knowing, he had given them in exchange for the grains.
"What a fool I am!" the beggar thought
"I would have received so much more if I had given the king the whole bag!"

The foolish donkey

      Once, a farmer owned a donkey and a lapdog. The donkey worked hard all day, hauling heavy loads. The lapdog stayed with its master all day and lived in the house with him. It did not work, but was allowed to sit on its master's lap. The donkey grew jealous of the lapdog.
      "Perhaps if I behave like the dog, like wag my tail and jump on the master, the master will start loving me as much as he does the dog." So the donkey waited for its chance.
      One day, when it was left unattended, the donkey broke its halter and ran into the farmhouse kitchen, where the farmer sat at the table. The donkeyrushed up to him and began wagging its tail vigorously and knocked off all the things on the table. It then started jumping around and frolicking like a little dog and finally, plunked itself down on the farmer's lap. The shocked farmer yelled for help. The farmhands came running in and dragged the donkey off to its stable and gave it a beating it would never forget for the rest of its life.

The Faithful Friends

      A young page so cared for his horse and fed it so well that even the fox would have liked to have had the young page as her master, in order to be so well treated. So she asked to be taken Into the page's service and was accepted. She was also treated so well that she was followed by the bear, and the wolf, and one by one, by all the other animals in the forest.
      One day the friends of the young page decided it was time they found him a wife. They chose the daughter of the king himself for their master, and cleverly arranged that they should meet and fall in love. The king, however, did not approve of the choice his daughter had made and locked her in a tower.
Then all the animals in the page's employ planned to free her. The cat persuaded the princess to follow him out onto the terrace around the tower, and then the eagle picked her up and carried her away. The king, in a fury, declared war on all the animals, but there were so many of them and they made up such a massive army that the king had to make peace.
      So the page was pardoned and the king reluctantly gave him his daugh­ter's hand in marriage. The two of them lived happily ever after, surrounded by all their faithful animal friends.

A man and his two wives

      There was once a man who had two wives. One of them was old, and the other was young. The man himself was not young. His hair was divided to two colours, his hair was half black and other was white.
      When the man stayed with her second wife, the first wife who was still young did not want her husband to look old because she herself was not old (still young). So she pulled out all his husband’s white hair to made him look young.
      But when the man went to his first wife, the second wife who was old did not want her husband to look young because she herself was old. So she pulled out all his husband’s black hair to made him look old.
At last the poor man had neither black hair nor white hair on his head, he had not hair forever.

The Owl and the Nightingale

      There was once a nightingale, in a cage by a window that was in habit of singing only at night. An owl was puzzled by this and went to the nightingale what the reason was.
      “When I was captured,” explained the nightingale, “it was day and I was singing. In this way Ilearnt to be more prudent and to sing only at night.”
      “Are you afraid you might be captured a second time?” asked the baffled owl, “It would have been better if you had been more careful the first time when your freedom was at risk. Now it doesn’t really matter anymore!”

The Fox And the Turtle

      For want of a better meal, a starving fox captured a turtle, but then could not manage to break through the solid shell in order to eat it.
      “You should try putting me in the water for a while to soften me up,” suggested the shrewd turtle.
This sounded like excellent advice to the fox. He carried his prey to the stream and immersed it in the current. The turtle, who was a superb swimmer, slid out of the fox's paws and re-emerged in mid-stream laughing, “There are animals who areeven more cunning than you. Now you'll stay hungry!”

The Generous Rich Man

      Once, there lived a wealthy man named Mr. Hartawan. He had vast rice fields, a lot of cattle, big houses with many rooms and five housemaids. He also had good children, a daughter named Arina and a son named Pandu. They always helped their parents do the work although there were housemaids.
      One day, Mr. Hartawan told his family that he was bored with his life. This was because everyone in the house didn't allow him to work. So, he decided to give his farms and cattle to poor people. He wanted to live in a smaller and simpler house, so that he had time to work. Mrs. Hartawan and her children agreed with Mr. Hartawan.
      The next morning, Mr. Hartawan and his family moved to a smaller and simpler house, which made Mr. Hartawan happy.

Between Love and Friendship

Sun and moon, they never fight, they never collide when it appears in the sky, they were not hostile but are complementary. then what about friendship on earth? they always say that friends are always together through thick and thin, complementary shortcomings respectively.

The story of friendship and Viona image. they were best friends since elementary school, through high school they were a school. At school they were always together, when Viona got an image problem also helped nor vice versa. The image was the son of the rich, beautiful face, such a sweet friend, viona. But not as rich Viona image, Viona is a tailor child. while the image was the son of the owner of the car showroom. Viona love and affection at the same child with the family, but what distinguishes them is nature. Love has a selfish nature and pedendam. While Viona is a forgiving and gracious.

Until at some point they like the same person is a class of their own families named Rehan Aditya. Originally Viona not care about Rehan. But yes definitely feeling could change his name. Finally, without the knowledge of image Vio like Rehan. Vio was best to juxtapose images with Rehan but, still can not

At the time finally feeling Vio known by Citra, Citra was angry with Vio. Vio was sad because his friend out the second angry, she blamed herself.

Vio trying to get away from that image and Rehan Rehan be together, but not in thought Rehan sudden vio expressed his feelings in front of all the school children including images. The image was crying and ran onto the highway, until finally he was hit by a car avanza. The image was sad to see his friend crash. He lay taxi to bring the image into the hospital. Arriving in RS image have been beyond help.

Parents also sad because Citra Citra is dead. Image entrust a letter before he died for Vio. After reading the letter Vio Shedding tears, he realizes that friendship is the most valuable in the appeal to love.

Hawkers girl Mats

Bogor Botanical Gardens atmosphere filled with visitors. Men, women, young and old were there. It was a long day off school so many visitors who go on vacation. They want to enjoy the atmosphere of the night and eliminate boredom.

A little boy came suddenly. With simple clothes, he hawked plastic mat to visitors to other visitors, he continued to offer his mat. "Sir, want to rent a mat?" He said to Mr. Umar. "How much rent one sheet mat?" Said Mr Omar. "Five thousand dollars, sir!" She replied in a soft voice. "What if Dad took thirty thousand dollars?" Asked Mr. Umar again. She was silent for a moment. Then he said, "All right then. Please choose, sir! "

Mr. Umar chose plastic mat that akana rented. In my heart there is a sense of Pak Umar could not bear to her. Eight-year-old girl had to work hard to earn money. "You school?" Said Mr Omar. "Schools, sir! My fourth grade. "He replied." Why are you renting this plastic mat, "asked Mr. Umar again. "I have to help my mother. "The girl replied. "Where is your father?" Mr Umar asked again. "Father has long passed. To that end, I have to help her to look for money, "she answered softly. Hear the story of the girl, Mr. Umar was touched.

Mr. Umar felt sorry for the child. He took some twenty thousand pieces of money and gave it to the little girl. "Sorry sir, I should not accept money if it does not work," he said, shaking his head. "Why," asked Mr. Umar wonder. "Mother said I should receive the money if memamg work results. I should not be asking for mercy. "Hear the words of the girl, Mr. Umar increasingly moved. He knew that the little girl's mother was a virtuous. "Tell you what, if it should work, now Mr. aids and their families. You please bring this basket. We will eat together under the shade of a tree! "Said Mr. Umar friendly. Pak Umar and family headed down the shady tree. They also held a plastic mat that had just rented. The little girl was invited to eat with

The Story of a Newspaper Seller

On the eastern horizon, the sun was not visible. The air was cold in the morning. Nature is still shrouded in morning dew. A child riding his bicycle in the middle of the road which is still empty. Who is the boy? He was a newspaper seller, who named Doni.

Towards five o'clock in the morning, he had arrived at newsagents from several publishers. "Take what Doni?" Said Bang Karno. "It was okay." Said Doni. Bang Karno take a number of newspapers and magazines that commonly brought Doni for his customers. Once completed, he departed.

He went to its loyal customers. From one house to the other. That Doni work every day. Delivering newspapers to its customers. All it was doing with joy, sincerity and sense of responsibility.

When Doni was referring to his bike, he suddenly struck with an object. The object is a black plastic bag. Doni be trembling. What it was? He hesitated and felt frightened because lately frequent bomb explosions everywhere. Was afraid it would Doni parcel bomb. But in the end, he tried to open the package. Looked at in that package there is a cardboard box. "Well, what is it?'' She wondered. Doni immediately opened the package carefully. What a surprise it, because in it there is a gold necklace and other jewelry. "Well what's this?" She wondered. "Whose is it?" Doni flip through the rings and necklaces available in a box. He was more shocked again because there is a credit card in it. "Well, ... it's owned by Mr. Alif. What a pity Mr Alif, apparently he had been burgled. "He muttered to himself.

What is expected Doni was true. Mr. Alif has conceded thief last night. Because the thief in a hurry, he had collected the parcel jewelry fell. Doni immediately notify Mr. Alif. He told him what happened and he found. How happy Mr. Alif because his wife's jewelry has been returned. He was very grateful, jewelry that fell into the hands of an honest man. As a token of gratitude, Mr. Alif provide capital to Doni to open a stall in her home. Doni is now no longer have cycled to peddle newspapers. He was quite a wait for buyers to come to shop. While newspapers and magazines to send to its customers, Doni was replaced by his brother who happens to not have a job. That's the end of an honesty that will bring happiness in later life.

Message Of A Father

      The sun was burning my skin, sweat forehead, dripping into the eyes though sometimes closed head cap. The wind was blowing rather hard, spread the dust road, making the nose there are even wearing a mask. Understandably, today entered the third month of the dry season.
      I sat unwind, take shelter under the shade of a tree. I sat on the bench who either made by anyone, for sure I'm sure that person is doing good is very important to me that day. The wind gradually drying my sweat, my shirt was not wet anymore. I feel refreshed, although often I shut the nose to avoid dust in the wind.
      "What are you doing, boy, dreamy huh? 'I was shocked by greeting a father who I had never met so far. Somewhat embarrassed indeed, I'm trying to be friendly. "Oo, not the well, just think about the future, sir," I answered, looking at a new vehicle through. "Son, do not worry about the future, worried only a thought. The future must be envisioned, and we strive, work hard, work smart, and work closely ". The man paused, then asked. "You know what it means, son?" Highlight of my father's eyes look, I nodded even though I do not understand. "Yeah, so what we dream is achieved, even though sometimes not in accordance with what we dream, but our future is much better than the present, my boy," the father said again .....

Sabtu, 05 Juli 2014

The Princess and The Pea

      Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess.
      One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.
      It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.
Well, we'll soon find that out, thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.
On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.
"Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!"
      Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.
Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.
So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.

Bali

Bali is one the many islands of Indonesia. It is to the east of East Java across a narrow strait. There are volcanoes from East to the West. Bali has beautiful beaches. The major religion in Bali is Hinduism.

All Balinese are believe that the island of Bali is a gift from God. They thank to the gods for this gift through dances, musics and arts. The nick name of Bali is "The Island of Gods" or Paradise Island. There are many temples in Bali. The people go to the temples every day. 

The Legend of Malin Kundang

      A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother. 
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town. One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. 

      The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone. Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. 

      She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness. Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.

      In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly,
he turned into a stone.

Snow White

      Once upon a time there lived a little, named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were died.
      One day she heard her aunt and uncle talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they wanted to go to America and they didn't have enough money to take Snow White with them.
      Snow White didn't want her uncle and aunt to do this. So she decided to run away. The next morning she run away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast, she run away into the wood.
      In the wood she felt very tired and hungry. Then she saw this cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and felt asleep
      Meanwhile seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There, they found Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said; “What is your name?”. Snow White said; “My name is Snow White”. One of the dwarfs said; “If you wish, you may live here with us”. Snow White told the whole story about her. Then Snow white and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.

Selasa, 01 Juli 2014

Rangkuman makalah Sosiologi & Politik


1.     Ilmu pengetahuan & sosiologi

Ilmu pengetahuan  atau  ilmu adalah seluruh usaha sadar untuk menyelidiki, menemukan, dan meningkatkan pemahaman manusia dari berbagai segi kenyataan dalam alam manusia. Segi-segi ini dibatasi agar dihasilkan rumusan-rumusan yang pasti. Ilmu memberikan kepastian dengan membatasi lingkup pandangannya, dan kepastian ilmu-ilmu diperoleh dari keterbatasannya.

    Ilmu bukan sekadar pengetahuan (knowledge), tetapi merangkum sekumpulan pengetahuan berdasarkan teori-teori yang disepakati dan dapat secara sistematik diuji dengan seperangkat metode yang diakui dalam bidang ilmu tertentu. Dipandang dari sudut filsafat, ilmu terbentuk karena manusia berusaha berfikir lebih jauh mengenai pengetahuan yang dimilikinya. Ilmu pengetahuan adalah produk dari epistemologi.

Pengertian sosiologi secara umum dapat didefinisikan  sebagai ilmu yang mempelajari tentang hubungan sosial yang terjadi pada suatu lingkungan. Adapun tujuan dari ilmu sosiologi adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan seseorang untuk menyesuaikan diri atau beradaptasi dengan lingkungan sosialnya.

     Objek sosiologi:
1.      Objek Material
2.      Objek Formal
3.      Objek Budaya
4.      Objek Agama

 
2.  Proses Sosiologi & Interaksi Sosiologi

     Proses Sosial yaitu proses dimana adanya interaksi antar manusia dan kelompok masyarakat

Interaksi Sosial adalah hubungan timbal balik antar individu dengan individu, individu dengan kelompok, atau kelompok dengan kelompok dalam masyarakat. Interaksi ini sifatnya dinamis.
Bentuk-bentuk Interaksi sosial:

Dalam kenyataan sehari-hari terdapat 3 macam cakupan dalam interaksi sosial yaitu : 
  1.  Interaksi antara individual dengan individual
    Individual yang satu memberikan pengaruh, rangsangan atau stimulus kepada individual lainnya.
  2. Interaksi antara individual dengan kelompok
    Secara kongkret bentuk interaksi sosial antara individual dengan kelompok bisa di lihat pada contoh : seorang guru sedang mengajar siswa-siswinya di dalam kelas.
  3. Interaksi antara kelompok dengan kelompok
    Bentuk interaksi seperti ini menunjukan bahwa kepentingan individual dalam kelompok merupakan satu kesatuan, berhubungan dengan kepentingan individual dalam kelompok lain.

3. Kelompok-kelopmpok Sosial

Manusia adalah mahluk sosial. Sosialitas manusia, secara asasi merupakan sesuatu yang tidak dapat ditolak. Manusia hanya dapat berkembangan sebagai manusia seutuhnya hanya bila ia berada dalam kelompok. Karl Marx (Perdue, 1986:312) menyatakan bahwa sociability manusia lebih dari sekedar pengertian bahwa manusia membutuhkan yang lainnya untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya.

Macam-macam Kelompok Sosial
  •  In Group dan Out Group
  •  Primary Group dan Secondary Group
  • Gemeinschaft dan Gesselschaft
  • Formal Group dan Informal Group
Kelompok-kelompok yang tidak teratur nampak dalam kerumunan masa. Kerumunan merupakan suatu kelompok sosial yang bersifat sementara, kerumunan tidak terorganisasi. Kerumunan dapat saja memiliki pemimpin, namun tidak mempunyai sistem pembagian kerja mapun sistem pelapisan sosial. Interaksinya bersifat spontan dan tidak terduga. Individu-individu yang merupakan kerumunan, berkumpul secara kebetulan di suatu tempat, dan juga pada waktu yang bersamaan.

Masyarakat Desa & Masyarakat Kota
Masyarakat pedesaan selalu memiliki ciri-ciri atau dalam hidup bermasyarakat, yang biasanya tampak dalam perilaku keseharian mereka. Pada situasi dan kondisi tertentu, sebagian karakteristik dapat digeneralisasikan pada kehidupan masyarakat desa.

Masyarakat perkotaan sering disebut urban community. Pengertian masyarakat kota lebih ditekankan pada sifat kehidupannya serta cirri-ciri kehidupannya yang berbeda dengan masyarakat pedesaan.

 
4. Lembaga Kemasyarakatan

Lembaga kemasyarakatan adalah himpunan norma-norma dari segala tingkatan yang berkisar pada suatu kebutuhan pokok didalam kehidupan masyarakat. Wujud yang kongkrit lembaga kemasyarakatan tersebut adalah asosiasi (Asosiation).

Tujuan Lembaga Kemasyarakatan diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut :

1.      Menjaga Keutuhan masyarakat

2.      Pedoman dalam bertingkah laku dalam menghadapi masalah dalam masyarakat,terutama menyangkut kebutuhan pokok.

3.      Merupakan pedoman sistem pengendalian sosial di masyarakat

       Social Control (Pengendalian Social)
Social Control adalah sistem atau proses yang dijalankan oleh masyarakat selalu disesuaikan dengan kaidah-kaidah yang berlaku dalam masyarakat.

Ciri-ciri umum dan tipe lembaga kemasyarakatan
Menurut Gillin dan Gillin, lembaga kemasyarakatan mempunyai beberapa ciri umum,yaitu :
a) Suatu lembaga kemasyarakatan adalah suatu organisasi pola-pola pemikiran dan pola-pola prilaku yang terwujud dalam aktivitas-aktivitas kemasyarakatan dan hasil-hasilnya.
b) Suatu tingkat kekekalan tertentu merupakan ciri semua lembaga kemasyarakatan.
c) Lembaga kemasyarakatan mempunyai satu atau beberapa tujuan tertentu.
d) Lembaga kemasyarakatan mempuyai alat-alat perlengkapan yang dipergunakan untuk memcapai tujuan lembaga yang bersangkutan.
e) Lembaga bisanya juga merupakan ciri khas lembaga kemasyarakatan.
f) Suatu lembaga kemasyarakatan mempunyai suatu tradisi tertulis atau yang tidak tertulis.

Tipe-tipe Lembaga kemasyarakatan dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :

1. Sudut perkembangannya.
2. Sudut sistem nilai-nilai.
3. Sudut penerimaan masyarakat.
4. Sudut fungsinya.

 
5. Struktur Sosial & Perubahan Sosial

Stratifikasi sosial merupakan suatu konsep dalam sosiologi yang melihat bagaimana anggota masyarakat dibedakan berdasarkan status yang dimilikinya. Mobilitas sosial merupakan perubahan status individu atau kelompok dalam stratifikasi sosial. Pelapisan sosial adalah pembedaan atau pengelompokan para anggota masyarakat secara vertikal (bertingkat). Definisi sistematik antara lain dikemukakan oleh Pitirim A. Sorokin bahwa pelapisan sosial merupakan pembedaan penduduk atau masyarakat ke dalam kelas-kelas secara bertingkat (hierarkis). Perwujudannya adalah adanya lapisan-lapisan di dalam masyarakat, ada lapisan yang tinggi dan ada lapisan-lapisan di bawahnya. Setiap lapisan tersebut disebut strata sosial. P.J. Bouman menggunakan istilah tingkatan atau dalam bahasa belanda disebut stand, yaitu golongan manusia yang ditandai dengan suatu cara hidup dalam kesadaran akan beberapa hak istimewa tertentu dan menurut gengsi kemasyarakatan.

Faktor-Faktor Perubahan Sosial
Faktor internal :
• Bertambah dan berkurangnya penduduk (kelahiran, kematian, migrasi)
• Adanya Penemuan Baru: 1. Discovery 2. Invention 3. Innovation /Inovasi
• Konflik yang terjadii dalam masyarakat
• Pemberontakan atau revolusi
Faktor eksternal :
1. perubahan alam
2. peperangan
3. pengaruh kebudayaan lain melalui difusi(penyebaran kebudayaan), akulturasi ( pembauran antar budaya yang masih terlihat masing-masing sifat khasnya), asimilasi (pembauran antar budaya yang menghasilkan budaya yang sama sekali baru batas budaya lama tidak tampak lagi)

Perubahan Sosial Abad 20

Pada permulaan abad ke 20, gelombang besar imigran berdatangan ke Amerika Utara. Itu semua berakibat pesatnya pertumbuhan penduduk, kemudian munculnya kota-kota industri baru, dan bertambahnya kriminalitas dan lain-lain. Konsekuensinya adalah perubahan besar masyarakat pun tak terelakkan.               

Perubahan itu menggugah para ilmuwan sosial untuk berpikir keras, mereka berupaya menemukan pendekatan baru yang sesuai dengan kondisi masyarakat pada saat itu. dan kemudian lahirlah sosiologi modern.

 
6. Sistrm Politik

Sistem Politik adalah berbagai macam kegiatan dan proses dari struktur dan fungsi yang bekerja dalam suatu unit atau kesatuan (masyarakat/negara).

Objek politik dibagi atas empat objek:
  1. Sistem sebagai Objek Umum
  2. Objek-objek Input
  3. Objek-objek Output
  4. Pribadi sebagai Objek

Sistem politik Indonesia diartikan sebagai kumpulan atau keseluruhan berbagai kegiatan dalam Negara Indonesia yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum termasuk proses penentuan tujuan, upaya-upaya mewujudkan tujuan, pengambilan keputusan, seleksi dan penyusunan skala prioritasnya. Sistem politik Indonesia dalam rangka mewujudkan cita-cita bangsa dan mencapai tujuan nasional maka harus sesuai dengan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Dalam menyelenggarkan  politik negara, yaitu keseluruhan penyelenggaraan politik dengan memanfaatkan dan mendayagunakan segala kemampuan aparatur negara serta segenap daya dan dana demi tercapainya tujuan nasional dan terlaksananya tugas negara sebagaimana yang ditetapkan dalam UUD 1945. Sebagai suatu sistem, sistem politik terdiri atas berbagai sub sistem antara lain sistem kepartaian, sistem pemilihan umum, sistem budaya politik dan sistem peradaban politik lainnya. Dalam eksistensinya sistem politik akan terus berkembang sesuai dengan perkembangan tugas dan fungsi pemerintahan serta perubahan dan perkembangan yang ada dalam faktor lingkungan.

7. Struktur & Fungsi Politik

Struktur politik adalah tata susunan kelembagaan dalam kehidupan politik suatu negara. Struktur politik terdiri dari suprastruktur dan intrastruktur.
Suprastruktur mencakup :
1. pemerintahan
2. lembaga tinggi negara
3. aparatur-aparatur

Infrastruktur mencakup saluran organisasi untuk penyaluran aspirasi rakyat, seperti :
1. parpol (partai politik)
2. kelompok kepentingan
3. kelompok penekanan
4. pendapat umum bersama-sama media massa

Fungsi politik adalah pemenuhan tugas dan tujuan struktur politik. Jadi, suatu struktur politik dapat dikatakan berfungsi apabila sebagian atau seluruh tugasnya terlaksana dan tujuannya tercapai. Oleh karena itu, struktur politik di bedakan atas infrastruktur politik, yaitu struktur politik masyarakat atau rakyat, suasana kehidupan politik masyarakat, sektor politik masyarakat, dan suprastruktur politik, yaitu struktur politik pemerintahan, sektor pemerintahan, suasana pemerintahan.

Intinya struktur politik merupakan sekumpulan elemen didalam pemerintahan yang fungsinya agar pemerintahan tesebut dapat berjalan dengan maksimal dan efisien.

 
8. Sistem Pemerintahan & Demokrasi
Pengertian sistem pemerintahan adalah sistem yang dimiliki suatu negara dalam mengatur pemerintahannya. Sesuai dengan kondisi negara masing-masing, sistem ini dibedakan menjadi :
1. Presidensial.
2. Parlementer.
3. Komunis.
4. Demokrasi liberal.
5. Liberal.
6. Kapital.

Pengertian demokrasi adalah sebuah pemerintahan dari rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat. Pengertian lain demokrasi adalah memperbincangkan tentang kekuasaan. Pelaku utama demokrasi adalah kita semua. Demokrasi pada dasarnya adalah aturan orang, dan di dalam sistem politik yang demokratis seluruh warga atau seluruh masyarakat mempunyai hak, kesempatan dan suara yang sama di dalam mengatur pemerintahan di dunia.
Lembaga negara adalah lembaga pemerintahan, dimana lembaga tersebut dibuat oleh suatu negara, dari negara, dan untuk negara yang bertujuan untuk membangun negara itu sendiri.

9. Hukum, Kekuasaan dan Wewenang

Hukum merupakan peraturan-peraturan dan larangan-larangan yang bentuknya tertulis maupun tidak tertulis, dibuat oleh penguasa yang berwenang untuk mengurus tata tertib suatu masyarakat yang harus ditaati agar kehidupan masyarakat terjamin keamanan dan ketertibannya. Hukum itu mempunyai sifat mengatur dan memaksa, serta memilki sanksi bagi yang melanggarnya. Menurut wujudnya hukum dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu :
1.Hukum Obyektif.
2. Hukum Subyektif

Kekuasaan berarti suatu kemampuan yang melekat pada seseorang yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan sesuatu sesuai cara yang dikehendaki. Dalam hal ini kekuasaan seorang pemimpin memerlukan basis kekuasaan yang dapat digunakan untuk mempengaruhi orang lain.
     Aspek yang paling penting dari kekuasaan adalah bahwa kekuasaan tersebut merupakan fungsi ketergantungan. Semakin besar ketergantungan B terhadap A maka makin besar kekuasaan yang dimiliki A terhadap B.

Saluran-saluran Kekuasaan:
1. Saluran Militer
2. Saluran Ekonomi
3. Saluran Politik
4. Saluran Tradisional
5. Saluran Idiologi

Dasar dari wewenang adalah hukum. Indonesia sebagai negara yang berasaskan konstitualisme, yang berati semua tindakan negara dan pemerintah, haruslah sesuai atau berlandaskan kepada konstitusi. Undang-undang dan hukum yang dibuat sebagai pelaksanaan yang harus mencerminkan isi dari konstitusi tersebut.

     Birokrasi adalah sebuah konsep sosiologi dan sains politik yang merujuk kepada cara bagaimanapun melaksankan dan menguatkan peraturan-peraturan yang sah secara sosial. Pengurusan ini disifatkan dengan tatacara piawai, pembagian tanggung jawab, hierarki dan hubungan tidak pribadi.

 
10. Public Choice

     Public choice merupakan sebuah perspektif didalam bidang politik yang timbul dari pekembangan dan penerapan perangkat dan metode ilmu ekonomi terhadap proses pengambilan keputusan kolektif dan berbagai fenomena non pasar.  

     Perkembangan Public Choice dalam mengubah bidang-bidang sosial maupun politik sesuai hukum ekonomi klasik yang analog dengan pemerintahan dan penawaran komoditas. Dengan analogi tersebut, maka pemerintah bisa diartikan sebagai supplier, yang bisa menyediakan komoditas publik untuk masyarakat. Public Choice bukan suatu objek studi tetapi sebuah cara menelaah subjek, jadi Public choice bisa menjadi petunjuk bagi pengambil keputusan untuk menentukan pilihan kebijakan yang efektif.

     Rent Seeking merupakan suatu proses dimana seseorang atau sebuah perusahaan mencari keuntungan melalui manipulasi dari situasi ekonomi daripada melalui perdagangan.

     Money Politic adalah suatu bentuk pemberian atau janji menyuap seseorang baik agar orang itu tidak menjalankan haknya untuk memilih maupun agar menjalankan haknya dengan cara tertentu pada saat pemilihan umum.

 

11. Kelompok-kelompok Sosial

     Manusia adalah mahluk sosial. Sosialitas manusia, secara asasi merupakan sesuatu yang tidak dapat ditolak. Manusia hanya dapat berkembangan sebagai manusia seutuhnya hanya bila ia berada dalam kelompok.

     Kelompok-kelompok yang tidak teratur nampak dalam kerumunan masa. Kerumunan merupakan suatu kelompok sosial yang bersifat sementara, kerumunan tidak terorganisasi. Kerumunan dapat saja memiliki pemimpin, namun tidak mempunyai sistem pembagian kerja mapun sistem pelapisan sosial. Interaksinya bersifat spontan dan tidak terduga. Individu-individu yang merupakan kerumunan, berkumpul secara kebetulan di suatu tempat, dan juga pada waktu yang bersamaan.

Masyarakat desa menurut Sutardjo Kartohadi Kusuma mengemukakan sebagai berikut: Desa adalah suatu kesatuan hokum di masa hokum di mana bertempat  tinggal suatu masyarakat pemerintahan sendiri.

Masyarakat kota lebih ditekankan pada sifat-sifat kehidupanya serta cirri-ciri kehidupanya yang berbeda dengan masyarakat pedesaan.

Macam macam kelompok sosial :

o   kelompok social statistic

o   Kelompok kemasyarakatan

o   Kelompok social

o   Kelompok asosiasi 

12. Kebudayaan dan Masyarakat

Kebudayaan ialah semua hasil karya, rasa dan cita-cita masyarakat.
Unsur-unsur kebudayaan menurut C.Kluckhohn:
  • Peralatan dan perlengkapan hidup manusia.
  •  Mata pencaharian hidup dan sistem-sistem ekonomi.
  •  Sistem kemasyarakan.
  •  Bahasa
  • Kesenian.
  •  Sistem pengetahuan.
  • Religi.
       Fungsi kebudayaan yaitu untuk mengatur manusia agar dapat mengerti bagaimana seharusnya bertindak dan berbuat untuk menentukan sikap jika akan berhubungan dengan orang lain di dalam menjalankan hidupnya. 

Gerak kebudayaan atau dinamika kebudayaan adalah gerak manusia yang hidup didalam masyarakat yang menjadi wadah kebudayaan. Gerak manusia terjadi oleh sebab adanya hubungan dengan manusia lain. Artinya, karena terjadinya hubungan antar kelompok manusia dalam masyarakat.