Nama
kelompok
1. Lita Fauziah
15213014
2. Medina Alitiani U 15213380
3. Muhammad Afrizan 15213814
TOEIC
The Test
of English for International Communication (TOEIC) is "an
English language test designed specifically to measure the everyday English
skills of people working in an international environment."
There are
different forms of the exam: The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test consists of
two equally graded tests of comprehension assessment activities totaling a
possible 990 score; the newer TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test comprises tests
of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, fluency, overall coherence, and
structure (organization of sentences) totaling a possible 400 score.
TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test
The TOEIC
Speaking & Writing Test was introduced in 2006. Test takers receive
separate scores for each of the two tests, or can take the Speaking test
without taking the Writing test. The Speaking test assesses pronunciation,
vocabulary, grammar, and fluency, while the Writing test examines vocabulary,
grammar, and overall coherence and organization. The tests are designed to
reflect actual English usage in the workplace, though they do not require any
knowledge of specialized business terms. The TOEIC Speaking Test takes
approximately 20 minutes to complete; the TOEIC writing test lasts
approximately 60 minutes. Each test has a score range between 0-200, with test
takers grouped into eight proficiency levels.
History
The
US-based Educational Testing Service (ETS)
developed the TOEIC test to measure achievement in using English in a business
setting. Yasuo Kitaoka was the central figure of the Japanese team that
conceived the basic idea of the TOEIC test.
According
to an Aug. 11, 2009 Japan Times article, "In the 1970s, Kitaoka began
negotiating with ETS to create a new test of English communication for use in
Japan. ETS responded that it required a nonprofit organization to work with as
their partner. Kitaoka tried to enlist the help of the Ministry of Education,
but their bureaucrats did not see the need for a new test to compete with the STEP Eiken,
an English test already backed by the ministry. To overcome this opposition,
Kitaoka received help from his friend, Yaeji Watanabe. Watanabe's influence as
a retired high-ranking bureaucrat from the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (renamed the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, or METI) proved crucial to
TOEIC's establishment.
Watanabe
had remained in contact with his old ministry while working on the board of
directors for the World Economic Information Services (WEIS) and as chairman of
the Japan-China Economic Association, both public-interest corporations
operating under MITI. Watanabe declined an interview request, but his memoirs
describe how he overcame Ministry of Education opposition to the TOEIC by
taking cover "behind the ministry of trade shield." Watanabe
convinced his old ministry it should play the lead role in establishing a new
English test, and formed a TOEIC Steering Committee under the WEIS umbrella.
Members of the committee included other retired MITI bureaucrats and influential
business leaders.
Government
support secured, ETS began developing the test in 1977. In 1979, English
learners in Japan filled in the first of many TOEIC multiple-choice answer
forms."
ETS's
major competitors are Cambridge University, which administers the IELTS, FCE, CAE, and CPE and Trinity College London, which administers
GESE and ISE exams.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar